However, except for a brief period in the 1990s, Mac OS has never been licensed for use with computers made by manufacturers other than Apple. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. OS X ran on a UNIX kernel (core software code) and offered technical advances such as memory protection and preemptive multitasking, along with a more versatile Finder, an elegant-looking interface called Aqua, and a convenient graphical “Dock” bar for launching frequently used applications. [133] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. [102][103][104] These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security. The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. [119] In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features. In 1972 he…. The headline of the press release mention "Jaguar", while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000. [189] It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. [224], macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. This violates Apple's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks". Everything had a first version: here you can find it! [20][21] However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".[21][22]. [53] It was succeeded by macOS 10.15 Catalina in 2019, which replaces iTunes with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[146] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[147] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time. [118] Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs. Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after locations in California. Mac OS, operating system (OS) developed by the American computer company Apple Inc. [44] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes. The OS was introduced in 1984 to run the company’s Macintosh line of personal computers (PCs). [80][19] A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. [23] With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance". Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system. Alan Kay, American computer scientist and winner of the 2003 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his contributions to object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten to run natively on Mac OS X.[19]. [235], In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users. "[79] macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. [40] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick-tock model' used by Intel. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency. As of OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[221]. One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT/Sun. [125] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged. Later Mac OS releases introduced features such as Internet file sharing, network browsing, and multiple user accounts. An estimated 100,000 users were affected. Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2012 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016, adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.

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