conditional probability with 3 events

$P(H_i) = 1/5$ and $P(D|H_i) = i/100$. endstream $H_i =$ the event from box $i$. Two principles that are true in general emerge from this example: The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Let $A=\{3\}$ and $B=\{1,3,5\}$. 15 0 obj Assume $P(B|G) = 1$ and $P(B|G^c) = 0.1$. What is the probability that the test result will be positive? What is the probability that both marbles are black? The event “exactly one marble is black” corresponds to the two nodes of the tree enclosed by the rectangle. For example, three events $A,\; B,\; \text{and}\; C$ are independent if $P(A\cap B\cap C)=P(A)\cdot P(B)\cdot P(C)$. What is the (conditional) probability that he or she will make $25,000 or more? The number on each remaining branch is the probability of the event corresponding to the node on the right end of the branch occurring, given that the event corresponding to the node on the left end of the branch has occurred. Let $G$ = event the defendent is guilty, $L$ = the event the defendent is left handed. x�cbd`�g`b``8 "�� q'�]"3�@$�j "9&�H�C@�Q��6�89201�o $S_1$= event annual income is less than $25,000; $S_2$= event annual income is between $25,000 and $100,000; $S_3$= event annual income is greater than $100,000. %PDF-1.5 What is the probability that at least one marble is black? Have questions or comments? It is natural to let $E$ also denote the event that the person selected was a teenager at first marriage and to let $M$ denote the event that the person selected is male. Find the probability that the number rolled is a five, given that it is odd. What is the (conditional) probability that he is active in sports? A single fair die is rolled. It may be computed by means of the following formula: \[P(A\mid B)=\dfrac{P(A\cap B)}{P(B)} \label{CondProb}\], The sample space for this experiment is the set $S={1,2,3,4,5,6}$ consisting of six equally likely outcomes. The concept of independence applies to any number of events. Let $D=$ the event the unit is defective and $C=$ the event it has the characteristic. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Experience shows that 93 percent of the units with this defect exhibit a certain behavioral characteristic, while only two percent of the units which do not have this defect exhibit that characteristic. What are the (conditional) probabilities the unit was selected from each of the boxes? Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Suppose a particular species of trained dogs has a $90\%$ chance of detecting contraband in airline luggage. A quality control group is designing an automatic test procedure for compact disk players coming from a production line. The next example illustrates how to place probabilities on a tree diagram and use it to solve a problem. But suppose that before you give your answer you are given the extra information that the number rolled was odd. Consider $P(C) = P(C^c) = 0.5$, $P(A|C) = 1/4$. $P(S_2 \vee S_3|E_2) = 0.80 + 0.10 = 0.90$, c. $p = (0.85 + 0.10 + 0.05) \cdot 0.65 + (0.80 + 0.10) \cdot 0.30 + 0.45 \cdot 0.05 = 0.9425$. Simple algebra gives the desired result. Is the converse true? Determine whether or not the events $F$: “female” and $E$: “was a teenager at first marriage” are independent. Determine, a. $P(A) = P(A|C) P(C) + P(A|C^c) P(C^c) > P(B|C) P(C) + P(B|C^c) P(C^c) = P(B)$. A jar contains $10$ marbles, $7$ black and $3$ white. There are $n$ balls on the first choice, $n + c$ balls on the second choice, etc. Thus the probability of drawing at least one black marble in two tries is $0.47+0.23+0.23=0.93$. It is reasonable to assume that all who favor say so. Definition: Independent and Dependent Events, Events $A$ and $B$ are independent (i.e., events whose probability of occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities). Prior odds: $P(G)/P(G^c) = 2$. $P(A^c|B) > P(A^c)$ iff $P(A|B) < P(A)$, c. $P(A|B) > P(A)$ iff $P(A^c|B^c) > P(A^c)$, a. A nondestructive test procedure gives two percent false positive indications and five percent false negative. Since $P(\cdot |B)$ is a probability measure for a given $B$, we must have $P(A|B) + P(A^c|B) = 1$. If a woman is seventy years old, what is the conditional probability she will survive to eighty years? The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Note carefully that, as is the case with just two events, this is not a formula that is always valid, but holds precisely when the events in question are independent. Now $A_6S_k = \emptyset$ for $k \le 6$. What is the (conditional) probability that the first and third selected are women, given that three of those selected are women? Many diagnostic tests for detecting diseases do not test for the disease directly but for a chemical or biological product of the disease, hence are not perfectly reliable. Missed the LibreFest? Suppose a fair die has been rolled and you are asked to give the probability that it was a five. According to the table, the proportion of individuals in the sample who were in their teens at their first marriage is $125/902$. The formula in the definition has two practical but exactly opposite uses: Example $\PageIndex{4}$: Rolling a Die again. Similarly for the numbers in the second row. b. Example $\PageIndex{7}$: specificity of a diagnostic test. $P(S) = 0.85$, $P(S|F^c) = 0.20$. Construct an example to show that in general $P(A|B) + P(A|B^c) \ne 1$. Units which fail to pass the inspection are sold to a salvage firm. Are $A$ and $B$ independent? What is the likelihood, given this evidence, that the defendent is guilty? Let $D_k =$ the event of $k$ defective and $G$ be the event a good one is chosen. Suppose $A \subset B$ with $P(A) < P(B)$. It is easier to find $P(D^c)$, because although there are several ways for the contraband to be detected, there is only one way for it to go undetected: all three dogs must fail. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. $P(D_0|G) = \dfrac{P(G|D_0) P(D_0)}{P(G|D_0) P(D_0) + P(G|D_1) P(D_1) + P(G|D_2) P(D_2) + P(G|D_3) P(D_3)}$, $= \dfrac{1 \cdot 1/4}{(1/4)(1 + 999/1000 + 998/1000 + 997/1000)} = \dfrac{1000}{3994}$. Thus in accordance with the Additive Rule for Probability we merely add the two probabilities next to these nodes, since what would be subtracted from the sum is zero. A student is selected at random. A student selected is active in sports. Conditional probability is defined to be the probability of an event given that another event has occurred. What is the conditional probability that the unit has the defect, given this behavior? A ball is drawn on an equally likely basis from among those in the urn, then replaced along with $c$ additional balls of the same color. $P(A|B) = 1$, $P(A|B^c) = 1/n$, $P(B) = p$, $P(B|A) = \dfrac{P(A|B) P(B)}{P(A|B) P(B) +P(A|B^c) P(B^c)} = \dfrac{p}{p + \dfrac{1}{n} (1 - p)} = \dfrac{np}{(n - 1) p + 1}$, $\dfrac{P(B|A)}{P(B)} = \dfrac{n}{np + 1 - p}$ increases from 1 to $1/p$ as $n \to \infty$, Polya's urn scheme for a contagious disease. $P(W_1W_3) = P(W_1W_2W_3) + P(W_1W_2^c W_3) = \dfrac{7}{12} \cdot \dfrac{6}{11} \cdot \dfrac{5}{10} + \dfrac{7}{12} \cdot \dfrac{5}{11} \cdot \dfrac{6}{10} = \dfrac{7}{22}$. There are $6 \times 5$ ways to choose all different. He has probability 0.10 of buying a fake for an original but never rejects an original as a fake, What is the (conditional) probability the painting he purchases is an original? The proportion of males in the sample who were in their teens at their first marriage is $43/450$. To learn the concept of a conditional probability and how to compute it. Find the probability that the selected person suffers hypertension given that he is not overweight. The specificity of a diagnostic test for a disease is the probability that the test will be negative when administered to a person who does not have the disease. When $P(A\mid B)=P(A)$, the occurrence of $B$ has no effect on the likelihood of $A$.

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